War of 1812 ended in 1814 with James Madison (D)in office
http://www.kyrene.org/schools/brisas/sunda/flag/1812/page1.htm
War of 1812 On 18 June 1812, at the height of the Napoleonic conflict ( see NAPOLEONIC WARS ) ... The war ended in stalemate. The Treaty of GHENT, signed 24 Dec 1814, ...

WWI ended in 1918 with Woodrow Wilson (D) in office
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars) was a global war which took place primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918

WWII ended in 1945 with [Corrected Harry S. Truman] (D)NOT Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) in office  FACT REMAINS IT WAS STILL A DEM!!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

Korean War ended in 1953 with Harry S. Truman (D) in office
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War
The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes, with major hostilities lasting from June 25, 1950 until the armistice signed on July 27, 1953.

Vietnam pull out in 1973 with Richard m. Nixon (R) in office cold war ened in 1978 with Jimmy Carter (D) in office
http://www.42explore2.com/vietnam.htm
The Vietnam War can be separated into different periods based upon the United States involvement. From 1957 to 1965, the war was mainly a struggle between the South Vietnamese army and Communist-trained South Vietnamese rebels known as the Viet Cong. The U.S. provided military advisors. The first U.S. troops entered Vietnam in March 1965. Until 1969, North Vietnam and the United States did most of the fighting. By 1969, the Vietnam War seemed endless, and the United States slowly began to withdraw troops. In January 1973, a cease-fire was arranged. The last U.S. ground troops left Vietnam two months later. Despite the treaty fighting between North and South Vietnam resumed soon afterward, but U.S. troops did not return. The war finally ended on April 30, 1975 when South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam. ***Gerald Ford was in office and did nothing when North Vietnam ended by taking over Siagon and South Vietnam surrendered with no help from the US.*** Nice job by another REP***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War
The Cold War is a very tough thing to nail down.  It is a NEVER ending thing as the war of words ALWAYS continues...Do conversations of politics ever end?  This article breaks the cold war into different parts.  First one ending in 1978, the second lasting from 1979-1985.  Another one from 1986-1991. With it still continue long after in many parts of the world as new confrontations arrise.


Desert Storm conflict ended with George Bush Sr. (R) in office



Side note: Great Depression ended in 1939 with Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) in office



-- Modified on 10/6/2008 9:24:25 AM

I believe that the Korean War ended when Eisenhower was in office. Also, technically, the Korean War ended in a "truce" only and not a final treaty.

Bless your heart Peaceful, I'm not even entirely certain what point you are attempting to make here, but in your brief post you managed to make a number of errors.

WWII did not in fact end with FDR in office. FDR had gone to the Oval Office in the sky before the war ended. Have you forgotten that it was Truman on whom the burden rested to decide whether to drop the bomb?

The Korean "war" ended? This is news to our soldiers who still do tours of duty along the DMZ. Korea was never actually a declared war, and it is still not over to this day. We still have troops in South Korea, and there has never been a peace agreement signed. Nothing more than a truce was ever signed.

The cold war ended with Jimmeh Cawter?? This is perhaps the most baffling claim of all. Jimmeh Cawter never even had the balls to step up to the plate when it came to the USSR. Remember "The Russians have assured me they are not going to invade Afghanistan" said shortly before Russia invaded Afghanistan. Yes, he was surely a man with his eye on the ball while our countrymen languished for more than a year as captives in Iran. It was Ronnie Reagan who kicked the Commie's asses by forcing them into an arms race that they could not sustain.

Side Note: Simultaneously with the end of the Great Depression, we also saw the end of balanced budgets in Congress. We have added to our national debt every single year since the New Deal, under Republican and Democrat leadership alike.

-- Modified on 10/6/2008 6:41:54 AM

Are you making this stuff up?....that the cold war ended in 1978 with Jimmy Carter?????
Even the most diehard liberal/leftist/socialist will agree that Reagan ended and won the cold war in the eighties.  Everything you post is now questionable concerning factual content.

Enough said.

You keep believe those Myths and Legends....  Do you believe in Magic too?

However, the reverse is true:

Dubya's idiocy is bringing the re-rise of the Russians.

Thanks Bush...  Thanks...

Only a few more months tell the reign of the idiot is over.

Lowest approval rating since Nixon.
Worst economic situation since the depression
Largest debt ever.
Lowest world approval rating.

Yet, you guys want McSAME?  Wow, continue on that idiot train!

The capitalist's won, if you can call it that.

Bless your heart, Sin. In your post you managed to make a number of errors.



"The federal budget landscape has changed dramatically during the last six years. After a steady decline in the deficit from 1993 to 1996, a budget “surprise” unexpectedly brought the budget close to balance in 1997 and moved it into surplus in 1998 for the first time in 29 years. "
http://www.dallasfed.org/eyi/usecon/9908surplus.html

"The projected budget surplus for fiscal year 1999 is now $76 billion -- larger than expected because of higher tax revenues produced by a strong economy."
http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/01/06/budget.surplus.02/

"President Clinton announced Wednesday that the federal budget surplus for fiscal year 2000 amounted to at least $230 billion, making it the largest in U.S. history and topping last year's record surplus of $122.7 billion."
http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/27/clinton.surplus/

In addition to the three years of budget surplus under Clinton, LBJ also submitted a balanced budget to congress in 1969 which was adopted.

So, since Kennedy was killed, we've had three democratic presidents and the budget has been balanced under two of them.

Hmmm. now which party is supposed to be the fiscally responsible one?

As for the end of the Cold War, Gorbachev ended that long before the Wall was torn down. His policy of Glasnost effectively ended to Cold War and signaled that the USSR would retreat from its confrontational stance against the US. 1978 is a good date to pick from the period 1978-1991 for the end of the Cold War but there are others one could insist on.

Thanks for trying. Bless your heart.

Kinda tells the lads age too and I ain't an old man ,I kid PeacefulSoul


-- Modified on 10/6/2008 8:44:55 AM

Bless your heart Wormwood, I am afraid you are trying to say that the federal budget and the national debt rise and fall in tandem, thus if one declines so shall the other.

Regrettably, this is not the case. Firstly, the so-called surplus under Clinton was only ever a projected surplus. It was on paper only, never a reality. Secondly, Clinton only achieved a projected surplus by basically robbing Social Security and including it in the general budget. Finally, the balanced budget you seem so proud of was crammed down Clinton's throat by a Republican Congress. Perhaps you've forgotten the gov't shutdown, which was a showdown between Clinton and the Republican Congress. It was Congress who was demanding more cuts from the federal budget in order to balance it, not Clinton.

Furthermore, even with the projected surplus, and even with a balanced budget, the national debt ROSE every single year that Clinton was in office. If the national debt continues to rise every year, then a so-called balanced budget isn't exactly doing its job after all, is it?

Regarding the Cold War, well you can point to whatever date you wish to point to. I am sure that those who were still being crushed under the bootheel of communism right up through the late 80's/early 90's would beg to differ with your definition of the end of the Cold War.

Your statement:

"Finally, the balanced budget you seem so proud of was crammed down Clinton's throat by a Republican Congress. Perhaps you've forgotten the gov't shutdown, which was a showdown between Clinton and the Republican Congress. It was Congress who was demanding more cuts from the federal budget in order to balance it, not Clinton."

With your own argument in mind, how do you explain the rampant proliferation of our national debt as well as the HUGE deficits, not on paper, but real, that came about during the period when the REPUBLICANS controlled all three branches of Congress... or will you blame that on the flaccid Democratic minority of those years? Bush was in office for almost 2 years prior to September 11, 2001, so don't go blaming Osama.

Bah, all politics is as soiled as my great-nephews diaper.

Just think, in one month, the 2012 election campaign begins.

Bah what a fucking waste of time. I'm gonna go get laid.

-- Modified on 10/6/2008 10:21:57 AM

There is neither any explaining it nor excusing it the way in which the Republican Congress under Bush has gone wild with the American taxpayer's credit card. This is why at every campaign stop McCain admits that the Republican party lost its focus, and emphasizes that he intends to return to the Republican platform of smaller gov't and balanced budgets. Coming from any other Republican this might be a tough claim to swallow, but McCain can back up his claim to fiscal responsibility with years of being a genuine deficit hawk. After 30 years in the Senate, he has not one ear mark on his record. Pretty impressive given that other members of Congress manage to average millions every year.

One other point - Bush was in office for 2 years before 9/11??? He was inaugurated in Jauary of 2001, just 9 months before 9/11. However, you won't get much argument from me. Clinton gets more credit than Bush when it comes to focusing on terrorism. But we'll leave that discussion to another thread.

Purpose of the post...to identify some trends in history.  

Thank you for pointing out my error in H. S. Truman ending WWII...sadly it does not change the appearance of the history...Truman was a Dem as well.

Yes, the Korean war has ended...your point would suggest that all wars are still open and ongoing.  The US still has troops in every area where a war has taken place.

The Cold War is never ending in its general term.  There has been ends to a means of many issues.  First Cold War ended in 1978.  Second one lasted from 1979-1985 and another from 1986-1991 and still yet another from 1991-2000 and now still with the new conflicts in Iraq.  Tough to lump it all together.

Hmmm The depression had nothing to do with creating a newly founded unbalanced budget! The National Debt hit 1 Billion way back in 1863....and I am quite certain the depression started well after that!  I do believe that national debt was right around 40 Billion at the end of the drpression and the beginning of WWII.

I looked at the link you provided on a different thread I think, about the progression of the national debt. I am afraid your source is highly misleading. Your source doesn't just skip a few years here and there, it skips decades in its atttempt to trace the progression of debt. The reason is that prior to FDR's New Deal, the only time the gov't ever went into deficit spending was during times of war - for instance the Civil War. It was during peacetime that lawmakers kept the budget balanced and paid down the debt accumulated during wartime. The introduction of the New Deal changed that, and we have seen an increase in national debt every single year since, whether we were at war or at peace.

This link shows the national debt recorded for every single year since our nation's birth. During times of war, the debt goes up, and during the time in between the total national debt went down. At one point just before the civil war, it was even as low as $37,000 from a starting point of $57,000,000. If only our current leaders followed the example set by our founding fathers.

And by the way, when discussing the increase in our total debt, neither party gets to point fingers. In the last 5 decades, give or take a few years, NEITHER party has done anything remotely significant toward paying down our debt.

That is a great link.  You are correct...the national debt is bipartisan.  I am not on one side or the other.  I am only putting as many facts as I can find out here so people can see the real problems.

I believe that if we eliminate the national debt all of our economic problems dissapear!

I want to vote for the entire congress that is dedicated to making this happen!

and one of those statements is demonstrably false. Bless your heart (unless you just don't want to admit you were wrong and are willing to try to lie or obfuscate rather than do so).

You said,
"Simultaneously with the end of the Great Depression, we also saw the end of balanced budgets in Congress."

And I pointed out that the budget has indeed been balanced three times under two different democratic presidents.

Now, you can try to change the meaning of what a balanced budget is to CYA, but that's just obfuscating.

Every single one of those wars you listed was STARTED with the same party in office as when it ended. So if you want to show Dems as the party of peace for ending wars, you are merely showing their tendency is get the US involved in wars in the first place (sometimes, I believe, justifiably).

And also, by the way, you skipped over a number of other wars the US has been involved in. Your research skills suck.

"Those who don't know history are doomed to consult Wikipedia..."

LOL well if the budget was balanced, then show me the corresponding years in which the national debt was reduced. We had a few balanced budgets on paper that never included special appropriations, supplemental spending bills, ear marks, and a whole slew of other sneaky forms of "off budget spending" that Congress uses so they can pretend that the budget is balanced while still maxing out the national credit card.

because a person does not have the ability to refute the information!  

I really can't explain nor wish to make excuses for the 'Bush' Republicans. They've truly learned to spend money like Democrats. They really suck at any sort of self control.

I pine for the days of or or the likes of Newt, back when they seemed to believe in some sort of accountability.

Projected surpluses are MEANINGLESS.

Surpluses with 'off budget' items are MEANINGLESS.

LOOK AT THE DAMN ACTUAL NATIONAL DEBT.

-- Modified on 10/6/2008 9:01:33 PM

I thought people might want to know the results of past situations.

The information is bipartisan...I didn't start any of the wars nor end them... I am just trying to give people some facts to help them better understand the situation.

The civil war was started with a Rep(Lincoln) in office and again ended with a Democrat(Johnson) in office.

Do I care...sure it helps me learn more about how historically the US has fared in these situations and who was leading the country.

The latter wars were started and ended with Rep.  Are the people happy with the outcomes of each war and the settlements...you have to ask them as I am sure everyone has their own opinion.

I am sure some wish slavery still existed, some wish we were still under English rule.  I am also sure there are people in this country that wish Hitler had won, or the Japanese.  That is not mine to decide...again just more information for people to use.

Same with the thread of the national debt.  A young lady posted a great site that shows the actual national debt each year...GREAT site...more information.  Not partisan....just information.

Now those people blinded by party lines...will have a hard time understanding how to fix the issues if you can nor see past party lines to see the issues and who might be the best people to put in office!

that ended some wars with a good sound result!  I am actually looking for some but can't seem to find any!

Vietnam...yuck...nasty
Desert storm..crap had to go back again...
Iraq...gonna end with egg on our faces like Vietnam!

Please do help find partisanship here!

It is easy to show that both parties raise the national debt without concern.

If it can not be shown thjat the Rep. party can sucessfully end a war...this election is over!  I do think that the majority of the people in this country want our soldiers brought home!  And that sentiment is bipartisan!

That a war is ended? Or that it was prevented, thus negating the need for it to be fought in the first place? I advocate for the latter.

You started the SECOND list of Presidents in office when wars began (Lincoln (R)/Civil War).

I was simply asking you to finish it.

He was assasinated (April 14, 1865) AFTER Lee surrendered (April 9, 1865).

We should not have fought the Rev. War?
The civil war maybe could have been prevented..started with a Rep. Pres.
War of 1812...you can decide yes or no.
WWI...I guess we could have stayed out of it.
WWII... you tell the families at Pearl habor we would not retaliate!
Korea...agreed we should have stayed out...nothing gained.
Vietnam...another bad idea!
Desert storm none of our business.
Iraq war...finishing Desert Storm for papa.

(if you use the excuse that we are there because of 9/11, I will remind you that if Bush thinks it was Hussien that was responsible...then papa not finishing it in Desert storm is still to blame right!)

The Fact remains...we are there...who is going to get us OUT!  I'll rely on history to show me the way...

Before we enter the next war...how about we bring up your point and try NOT to get involved...for now though...how about finding the best candidate to get the boys home safely!

First, please familiarize yourself with the subjunctive mood. That's a grammatical error at least as egregious as the spelling error you so gleefully pointed out.

"We had a few balanced budgets on paper...". Yep. It seems most budgets are on paper.

So riddle me this, Ms. Obfuscation; Does the US have a budget?

If so, then it's been balanced by 2 of the last 3 democratic presidents.

If not, then your first statement about the end of balanced budgets makes no sense. One can't balance something that doesn't exist.


BTW, a little reading should enlighten you as to how the budget may be balanced even though the national debt increases.

AFTER the bullets start flying. Ther war has already started at that point. Avoiding war doesn't mean simply not participating after it's begun. It means preventing it from starting in the first place. Not all wars are unavoidable. Some are required. American Civil War is a case in point. How else would have slavery been abolished? Point - Republicans.

Go ahead. Make the list.

1) Andrew Johnson was responsible for ending the Civil War

2) You are truly non-partisan.


BOTH ARE LAUGHABLE.

1775-1800
1775-1783 - American Revolutionary War
1786-1787 - Shays' Rebellion
1794 - Whiskey Rebellion
1798-1800 - Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war with France. This contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic city of Puerto Plata, where U.S. Marines captured a French privateer under the guns of the forts. Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes.[RL30172]
1799-1800 - Fries's Rebellion, a Pennsylvania protest against war taxes.
1801-1805 - First Barbary War - USS George Washington and USS Philadelphia affairs result in actions against the Barbary pirates responsible. In the Eaton expedition, a few Marines landed with United States Agent William Eaton to raise a force against Tripoli in an effort to free the crew of the Philadelphia. Tripoli declared war; the United States did not, although Congress authorized military action by statute.[RL30172]
1806 -- Spanish Mexico - A platoon under Captain Zebulon Pike invaded Spanish territory at the headwaters of the Rio Grande on orders from General James Wilkinson. He was made prisoner without resistance at a fort he constructed in present-day Colorado, taken to Mexico, and later released after seizure of his papers.[RL30172]
Further information: Zebulon Pike#Southwest expedition
1806-10 -- Gulf of Mexico. American gunboats operated from New Orleans against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta, chiefly under Captain John Shaw and Master Commandant David Porter.[RL30172]
1810 – West Florida (Spanish territory). Governor William C.C. Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of President James Madison, occupied with troops territory in dispute east of the Mississippi as far as the Pearl River, later the eastern boundary of Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido River.[RL30172]
1812 – Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain. Temporary possession was authorized by President James Madison and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession was obtained by General George Mathews in so irregular a manner that his measures were disavowed by the President.[RL30172]
1812-15 – War of 1812. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war were British impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States during British hostilities with France. [RL30172]
1813 – West Florida (Spanish territory). On authority given by Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. troops advanced into disputed territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting.[RL30172]
1813-14 – Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia). U.S. forces built a fort on the island of Nuku Hiva to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British.[RL30172]
1814 – Spanish Florida. General Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and drove out the British forces.[RL30172]
1814-25 – Caribbean. Engagements between pirates and American ships or squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore about Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three thousand pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823. In 1822, Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two frigates, four sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two gunboats in the West Indies.[RL30172]
1815 – Algiers. The Second Barbary War was declared against the United States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states, an act not reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military expedition by statute. A large fleet under Captain Stephen Decatur attacked Algiers and obtained indemnities.[RL30172]
1815 – Tripoli. After securing an agreement from Algiers, Captain Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.[RL30172]
1816 – Spanish Florida. United States forces destroyed Negro Fort, which harbored fugitive slaves making raids into United States territory.[RL30172]
1816-18 – Spanish Florida - First Seminole War. The Seminole Indians, whose area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were attacked by troops under General Jackson and General Edmond P. Gaines and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied, British citizens executed. In 1819 the Floridas were ceded to the United States.[RL30172]
1817 – Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida). Under orders of President James Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters.[RL30172]
1818 – Oregon. The USS Ontario dispatched from Washington, which made a landing at the mouth of the Columbia River to assert US claims. Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain asserted claims to the area.[RL30172] Subsequently, American and British claims to the Oregon Country were resolved with the Oregon Treaty of 1846.[RL30172]
1820-23 -- Africa. Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act of Congress. [RL30172][Slave Traffic]

1822 -- Cuba. United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.[RL30172]
1823 -- Cuba. Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.[RL30172]
1824 -- Cuba. In October the USS Porpoise landed bluejackets near Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized in 1822.[RL30172]
1824 -- Puerto Rico (Spanish territory). Commodore David Porter with a landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates and insulted American naval officers. He landed with 200 men in November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later court-martialed for overstepping his powers.[RL30172]
1825 -- Cuba. In March cooperating American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.[RL30172]
1827 -- Greece. In October and November landing parties hunted pirates on the Mediterranean islands of Argenteire, Myconos, and Andros.[RL30172]
1831-32 – Falkland Islands. Captain Silas Duncan of the USS Lexington investigated the capture of three American sailing vessels and sought to protect American interests.[RL30172]
1832 – Attack on Quallah Battoo, Sumatra, Indonesia - February 6-9. U.S. forces under Commodore John Downes aboard the frigate USS Potomac landed and stormed a fort to punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for plundering the American cargo ship Friendship.[RL30172]
1833 – Argentina. - October 31 to November 15. A force was sent ashore at Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection.[RL30172]
1835-36 – Peru. - December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to December 7, 1836. Marines protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution.[RL30172]
1836 – Mexico. General James Gaines occupied Nacogdoches, Texas, disputed territory, from July to December during the Texas Revolution, under orders to cross the "imaginary boundary line" if an Indian outbreak threatened.[RL30172]
1838 – The Caroline affair on Navy Island, Canada. After the failure of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 favoring Canadian democracy and independence from the British Empire; William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels fled to Navy Island where they declared the Republic of Canada. American sympathizers sent supplies on the SS Caroline, which was intercepted by the British and set ablaze, after killing one American. It was falsely reported that dozens of Americans were killed as they were trapped on board, and American forces retaliated by burning a British steamer while it was in U.S. waters.

1838-39 – Sumatra (Indonesia). - December 24, 1838, to January 4, 1839. A naval force landed to punish natives of the towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie (Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.[RL30172]
1840 – Fiji Islands. - July. Naval forces landed to punish natives for attacking American exploring and surveying parties.[RL30172]
1841 – McKean Island (Drummond Island/Taputenea), Gilbert Islands (Kingsmill Group), Pacific Ocean. A naval party landed to avenge the murder of a seaman by the natives.[RL30172]
1841 – Samoa. - February 24. A naval party landed and burned towns after the murder of an American seaman on Upolu.[RL30172]
1842 – Mexico. Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones, in command of a squadron long cruising off California, occupied Monterey, California, on October 19, believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted. A similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.[RL30172]
1843 – China. Sailors and marines from the St. Louis were landed after a clash between Americans and Chinese at the trading post in Canton.[RL30172]
1843 – Africa. November 29 to December 16. Four United States vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory Coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and shipping.[RL30172]
1844 – Mexico. President Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation. (Later rejected.) He defended his action against a Senate resolution of inquiry.[RL30172]
1846-48 – Mexican-American War On May 13,1846, the United States recognized the existence of a state of war with Mexico. After the annexation of Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion.[RL30172]
1849 – Smyrna (Izmir, Turkey). In July a naval force gained release of an American seized by Austrian officials.[RL30172]
1851 – Turkey. After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast.[RL30172]
1851 – Johanns Island (east of Africa). - August. Forces from the U.S. sloop-of-war Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the captain of an American whaling brig.[RL30172]
1852-53 – Argentina. February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to April 1853. Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.[RL30172]
1853 -- Nicaragua. March 11 to 13. US forces landed to protect American lives and interests during political disturbances[RL30172]
1853-54 – Japan. Commodore Matthew Perry and his expedition made a display of force leading to the "opening of Japan."[RL30172]
1853-54 – Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands (Japan). Commodore Matthew Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa; he also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands with the purpose of securing facilities for commerce.[RL30172]
1854 – China. April 4 to June 15 to 17. American and English ships landed forces to protect American interests in and near Shanghai during Chinese civil strife.[RL30172]
1854 – Nicaragua. July 9 to 15. Naval forces bombarded and burned San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.[RL30172]
1855 – China. May 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected American interests in Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong.[RL30172]
1855 – Fiji Islands. September 12 to November 4. An American naval force landed to seek reparations for attacks on American residents and seamen.[RL30172]
1855 – Uruguay. November 25 to 29. United States and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo.[RL30172]
1856 – Panama, Republic of New Grenada. September 19 to 22. U.S. forces landed to protect American interests during an insurrection.[RL30172]
1856 – China. October 22 to December 6. U.S. forces landed to protect American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British and the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat displaying the United States flag.[RL30172]
1857-58 – Utah War. The Utah War was a dispute between Mormon settlers in Utah Territory and the United States federal government. The Mormons and Washington each sought control over the government of the territory, with the national government victorious. The confrontation between the Mormon militia and the U.S. Army involved some destruction of property, but no actual battles between the contending military forces.
1857 – Nicaragua. April to May, November to December. In May Commander Charles H. Davis of the United States Navy, with some marines, received the surrender of William Walker, self-proclaimed president of Nicaragua, who was losing control of the country to forces financed by his former business partner, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United States vessels USS Saratoga, USS Wabash, and Fulton opposed another attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram

Paulding's act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.[RL30172]
1858 – Uruguay. January 2 to 27. Forces from two United States warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in Montevideo.[RL30172]
1858 – Fiji Islands. October 6 to 16. A marine expedition with the USS Vandalia enacted revenge on natives for the murder of two American citizens at Waya.[RL30172] [] [Vandalia 2]
1858-59 – Turkey. The Secretary of State requested a display of naval force along the Levant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of Turkey) of the power of the United States."[RL30172]
1859 – Paraguay. Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a naval vessel in the Parana River during 1855. Apologies were made after a large display of force.[RL30172]
1859 – Mexico. Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexican nationalist Juan Cortina.[RL30172] [1859 Mexico]
1859 – China. July 31 to August 2. A naval force landed to protect American interests in Shanghai.[RL30172]
1860 -- Angola, Portuguese West Africa. - March 1. American residents at Kissembo called upon American and British ships to protect lives and property during problems with natives.[RL30172]
1860 -- Colombia, Bay of Panama. - September 27 to October 8. Naval forces landed to protect American interests during a revolution.[RL30172]
1861-65 -- American Civil War A major war between the United States (the Union) and eleven Southern states which declared that they had a right to secession and formed the Confederate States of America.
1863 -- Japan. - July 16. Naval battle of Shimonoseki. The USS Wyoming retaliated against a firing on the American vessel Pembroke at Shimonoseki.[RL30172]
1864 -- Japan. - July 14 to August 3. Naval forces protected the United States Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations easier by impressing the Japanese with American power.[RL30172]
1864 -- Japan. - September 4 to 14. Naval forces of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.[RL30172]
1865 -- Panama. - March 9 and 10. US forces protected the lives and property of American residents during a revolution.[RL30172]
1865-1876 Southern United States -- Reconstruction following the American Civil War. The South is divided into five Union occupation districts under the Reconstruction Act.
1866 -- Mexico. To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100 men in November obtained surrender of Matamoros, on the border State of Tamaulipas. After three days he was ordered by US Government to withdraw. His act was repudiated by the President.[RL30172]
1866 -- China. From June 20 to July 7, US forces punished an assault on the American consul at Newchwang.[RL30172]
1867 -- Nicaragua. Marines occupied Managua and Leon.1865-77
1867 -- Formosa (island of Taiwan) - June 13. A naval force landed and burned a number of huts to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked American vessel.1865-77
1868 -- Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata). - February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13. US forces were landed to protect American interests during the civil war in Japan.[RL30172]
1868 -- Uruguay. - February 7 and 8, 19 to 26. US forces protected foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.[RL30172]
1868 -- Colombia. - April. US forces protected passengers and treasure in transit at Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops on the occasion of the death of the President of Colombia.[RL30172]
1870 -- Mexico. - June 17 and 18. US forces destroyed the pirate ship Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio Tecapan.[RL30172]
1870 -- Hawaiian Islands. - September 21. US forces placed the American flag at half-mast upon the death of Queen Kalama, when the American consul at Honolulu would not assume responsibility for so doing.[RL30172]
1871 -- Korea. Shinmiyangyo. - June 10 to 12. A US naval force attacked and captured five forts to punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for murdering the crew of the General Sherman and burning the schooner, and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River.[RL30172]
1873 -- Colombia (Bay of Panama). - May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9. U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities between local groups over control of the government of the State of Panama.[RL30172]
1873-96 -- Mexico. United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly in pursuit of cattle and other thieves and other brigands.[RL30172]
1874 -- Hawaiian Islands. - February 12 to 20. Detachments from American vessels were landed to preserve order and protect American lives and interests during the coronation of a new king.[RL30172]
1876 -- Mexico. - May 18. An American force was landed to police the town of Matamoros, Tamaulipas State, temporarily while it was without other government.[RL30172]

1882 -- Egypt. - July 14 to 18. American forces landed to protect American interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs.[RL30172]
1885 -- Panama (Colon). - January 18 and 19. US forces were used to guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March, April, and May in the cities of Colon and Panama, the forces helped reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity.[RL30172]
1888 -- Korea. - June. A naval force was sent ashore to protect American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an outbreak of the populace was expected.[RL30172]
1888 -- Haiti. - December 20. A display of force persuaded the Haitian Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the charge of breach of blockade.[RL30172]
1888-89 -- Samoa. - November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889. US forces were landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a native civil war.[RL30172]
1889 -- Hawaiian Islands. - July 30 and 31. US forces protected American interests at Honolulu during a revolution.[RL30172]
1890 -- Argentina. A naval party landed to protect US consulate and legation in Buenos Aires.[RL30172]
1890 -- South Dakota. December 29. Soldiers of the US Army 7th Cavalry killed 178 Sioux Amerindians following an incident over a disarmament-inspection at a Lakota Sioux encampment near Wounded Knee Creek. 89 other Amerinds were injured, 150 were reported missing; Army casualties were 25 killed, 39 wounded.[citation needed]
1891 -- Haiti. US forces sought to protect American lives and property on Navassa Island.[RL30172]
1891 -- Bering Strait. - July 2 to October 5. Naval forces sought to stop seal poaching.[RL30172]
1891 -- Chile. - August 28 to 30. US forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a revolution in Valparaiso.[RL30172]
1893 -- overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, January 16 to April 1. Marines landed in Hawaii, ostensibly to protect American lives and property, but many believed actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by the United States.[RL30172]
1894 -- Brazil. - January. A display of naval force sought to protect American commerce and shipping at Rio de Janeiro during a Brazilian civil war.[RL30172]
1894 -- Nicaragua. - July 6 to August 7. US forces sought to protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.[RL30172]
1894-95 -- China. Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to Peking for protection purposes during the First Sino-Japanese War.[RL30172]
1894-95 -- China. A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang for protection of American nationals.[RL30172]
1894-96 -- Korea. - July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896. A guard of marines was sent to protect the American legation and American lives and interests at Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War.[RL30172]
1895 -- Colombia. - March 8 to 9. US forces protected American interests during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.[RL30172]
1895-96 -- Venezuela. - Settlement of boundary dispute.[citation needed]
1896 -- Nicaragua. - May 2 to 4. US forces protected American interests in Corinto during political unrest.[RL30172]
1898 -- Nicaragua. - February 7 and 8. US forces protected American lives and property at San Juan del Sur.[RL30172]
1898 -- Spanish-American War On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban insurrection, the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of the USS Maine in the harbor at Havana.[RL30172]
1898-99 -- Samoa. Second Samoan Civil War a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoan island chain.
1898-99 -- China. - November 5, 1898 to March 15, 1899. US forces provided a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at Tientsin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.[RL30172]
1899 -- Nicaragua. American and British naval forces were landed to protect national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes.[RL30172]
1899-1913 -- Philippine Islands. Philippine-American War US forces protected American interests following the war with Spain, defeating rebellious Filipinos seeking immediate national independence.[RL30172] The U.S. government declared the "insurgency" officially over in 1902, when the Filipino leadership generally accepted American rule. Skirmishes between government troops and armed groups lasted until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions of the war.[2]
1900 – China. May 24 to September 28. Boxer Rebellion American troops participated in operations to protect foreign lives during the Boxer rising, particularly at Peking. For many years after this experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking, and was strengthened at times as trouble threatened.[RL30172]

1901 – Colombia (State of Panama). November 20 to December 4. Panamanian Revolution US forces protected American property on the Isthmus and kept transit lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.[RL30172]
1902 – Colombia. - April 16 to 23. US forces protected American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.[RL30172]
1902 – Colombia (State of Panama). September 17 to November 18. The United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.[RL30172]
1903 – Honduras. March 23 to 30 or 31. US forces protected the American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortes during a period of revolutionary activity.[RL30172]
1903 – Dominican Republic. March 30 to April 21. A detachment of marines was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.[RL30172]
1903 – Syria. September 7 to 12. US forces protected the American consulate in Beirut when a local Moslem uprising was feared.[RL30172]
1903-04 – Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Twenty-five marines were sent to Abyssinia to protect the US Consul General while he negotiated a treaty.[RL30172]
1903-14 – Panama. US forces sought to protect American interests and lives during and following the revolution for independence from Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903, to January 21, 1914 to guard American interests.[RL30172]
1904 – Dominican Republic. January 2 to February 11. American and British naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be allowed and protected American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua and Santo Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.[RL30172]
1904 – Tangier, Morocco. "We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." A squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped American. Marines were landed to protect the consul general.[RL30172]
1904 – Panama. November 17 to 24. U.S forces protected American lives and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.[RL30172]
1904-05 -- Korea. - January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905. A guard of Marines was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the Russo-Japanese War.[RL30172]
1906-09 -- Cuba. - September 1906 to January 23, 1909. US forces sought to protect interests and re-establish a government after revolutionary activity.[RL30172]
1907 -- Honduras. - March 18 to June 8. To protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortes, San Pedro Sula, Laguna and Choloma.[RL30172]
1910 -- Nicaragua. - May 19 to September 4, 1910. Occupation of Nicaragua US forces protected American interests at Bluefields.[RL30172]
1911 -- Honduras. - January 26. American naval detachments were landed to protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras.[RL30172]
1911 -- China. As the Tongmenghui-led Xinhai Revolution approached, in October an ensign and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but retired on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded American private property and consulate at Hankow. Marines were deployed in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai; landing forces were sent for protection in Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku and elsewhere.[RL30172]
1912 -- Honduras. A small force landed to prevent seizure by the government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortes. The forces were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.[RL30172]
1912 -- Panama. Troops, on request of both political parties, supervised elections outside the Panama Canal Zone.[RL30172]
1912 -- Cuba, June 5 to August 5. U.S. forces protected American interests in the province of Oriente and in Havana.[RL30172]
1912 -- China. - August 24 to 26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26 to 30 at Camp Nicholson. US forces protected Americans and American interests during the Xinhai Revolution.[RL30172]
1912 -- Turkey. - November 18 to December 3. U.S. forces guarded the American legation at Constantinople during the First Balkan War[RL30172]
1912-25 -- Nicaragua. - August to November 1912. U.S. forces protected American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force, serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and stability, remained until August 5, 1925.[RL30172]
1912-41 -- China. The disorders which began with the overthrow of the dynasty during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing parties for the protection of US interests in China continuously and at many points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In 1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective action was generally based on treaties with China concluded from 1858 to 1901.[RL30172]

1913 -- Mexico. - September 5 to 7. A few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.[RL30172]
1914 -- Haiti. - January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October 19. Intermittently US naval forces protected American nationals in a time of rioting and revolution.[RL30172] The specific order from the Secretary of the Navy to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests.[citation needed]
1914 -- Dominican Republic. - June and July. During a revolutionary movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo Domingo City as a neutral zone.[RL30172]
1914-17 -- Mexico. Tampico Affair led to Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico. Undeclared Mexican--American hostilities followed the Tampico Affair and Villa's raids . Also Pancho Villa Expedition) -- an abortive military operation conducted by the United States Army against the military forces of Francisco "Pancho" Villa from 1916 to 1917 and included capture of Vera Cruz. On March 19, 1915 on orders from President Woodrow Wilson, and with tacit consent by Venustiano Carranza General John J. Pershing led an invasion force of 10,000 men into Mexico to capture Villa.[RL30172]
1915-34 -- Haiti. - July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934. United States occupation of Haiti 1915-1934 US forces maintained order during a period of chronic political instability.[RL30172] During the initial entrance into Haiti, the specific order from the Secretary of the Navy to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests.[citation needed]
1916 -- China. American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on American property in Nanking.[RL30172]
1916-24 -- Dominican Republic. - May 1916 to September 1924. Occupation of the Dominican Republic American naval forces maintained order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.[RL30172]
1917 -- China. American troops were landed at Chungking to protect American lives during a political crisis.[RL30172]
1917-18 -- World War I. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war with Germany and on December 7, 1917, with Austria-Hungary. Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by Germany's submarine warfare against neutral shipping.[RL30172]
1917-22 -- Cuba. US forces protected American interests during insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922.[RL30172]
1918-19 -- Mexico. After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, US troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six times in 1919. In August 1918 American and Mexican troops fought at Nogales, due to a crime committed by three drunk American soldiers.[RL30172]
1918-20 -- Panama. US forces were used for police duty according to treaty stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent unrest.[RL30172]
1918-20 -- Soviet Union. Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the fighting between the Bolshevik troops and the Czech Army which had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality was issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In August 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000 American troops joined the allied intervention force at Archangel and remained until June 1919. These operations were in response to the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky elements. [RL30172] For details, see the American Expeditionary Force Siberia and the American Expeditionary Force North Russia.
1919 -- Dalmatia (Croatia). US forces were landed at Trau at the request of Italian authorities to police order between the Italians and Serbs.[RL30172]
1919 -- Turkey. Marines from the USS Arizona were landed to guard the US Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople.[RL30172]
1919 -- Honduras. - September 8 to 12. A landing force was sent ashore to maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.[RL30172]
1920 -- China. - March 14. A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a disturbance at Kiukiang.[RL30172]
1920 -- Guatemala. - April 9 to 27. US forces protected the American Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station, during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of Guatemala.[RL30172]
1920-22 -- Russia (Siberia). - February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922. A Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.[RL30172]
1921 -- Panama - Costa Rica. American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countries over a boundary dispute.[RL30172]
1922 -- Turkey. - September and October. A landing force was sent ashore with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect American lives and property when the Turkish nationalists entered İzmir (Smyrna.[RL30172]
1922-23 -- China. Between April 1922 and November 1923, Marines were landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.[RL30172]
1924 -- Honduras. - February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15. U.S. forces protected American lives and interests during election hostilities.[RL30172]

1924 -- China. - September. Marines were landed to protect Americans and other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.[RL30172]
1925 -- China. - January 15 to August 29. Fighting of Chinese factions accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the International Settlement.[RL30172]
1925 -- Honduras. - April 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected foreigners at La Ceiba during a political upheaval.[RL30172]
1925 -- Panama. - October 12 to 23. Strikes and rent riots led to the landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American interests. [RL30172]
1926-33 -- Nicaragua. - May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926, to January 3, 1933. The coup d'état of General Chamorro aroused revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the interests of the United States. United States forces came and went intermittently until January 3, 1933.[RL30172]
1926 -- China. - August and September. The Nationalist attack on Hankow brought the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn. Likewise, when Nationalist forces captured Kiukiang, naval forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.[RL30172]
1927 -- China. - February. Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces and marines to be increased. In March a naval guard was stationed at American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently additional forces of marines and naval forces were stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin.[RL30172]
1932 -- China. American forces were landed to protect American interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.[RL30172]
1933 -- Cuba. During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made.[RL30172]
1934 -- China. Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American Consulate.[RL30172]
1940 -- Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, - Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, Trinidad, and British Guiana. Troops were sent to guard air and naval bases obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were sometimes called lend-lease bases.[RL30172]
1941 -- Greenland. Greenland was taken under protection of the United States in April.[RL30172]
1941 -- Netherlands (Dutch Guiana). In November the President ordered American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect aluminum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Suriname.[RL30172]
1941 -- Iceland. Iceland was taken under the protection of the United States, with consent of its government, for strategic reasons.[RL30172]
1941 -- Germany. Sometime in the spring the President ordered the Navy to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July US warships were convoying and by September were attacking German submarines. In November, the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect US military aid to Britain.[RL30172]
1941-45 -- World War II. On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war with Japan in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The bombing was retaliation for the US embargo of scrap metal and gasoline exports to Japan and the embargo on Japanese access to the Panama Canal.[not in citation given][citation needed] This in turn was a retaliation to the Japanese invasion of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[not in citation given][citation needed] On December 11 1941, Hitler and Mussolini, the respective dictators of Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States. The United States responded on the same day by declaring war on Germany and Italy. On June 5, 1942, the United states declared war with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. The US declared war against Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in response to the declarations of war by those nations against the United States.[RL30172]
1945 -- China. In October 50,000 US Marines were sent to North China to assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and repatriating the Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and airfields. This was in addition to approximately 60,000 US forces remaining in China at the end of World War II.[RL30172]
1945-49 Occupation of part of Germany.
1945-55 Occupation of part of Austria.
1945-46 Occupation of part of Italy.[citation needed]
1945-52 Occupation of Japan.
1945-46 Temporary reoccupation of the Philippines in preparation for independence.[citation needed]
1945-49 Occupation of South Korea and defeat of a leftist insurgency.[citation needed]
1946 -- Trieste (Italy). President Truman ordered the increase of US troops along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air forces in northern Italy after Yugoslav forces shot down an unarmed US Army transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia..[citation needed] Earlier US naval units had been sent to the scene.[RL30172] Later the Free Territory of Trieste, Zone A.
1945-47 US Marines garrisoned in Mainland China to oversee the removal of Soviet and Japanese forces after World War II.[citation needed]

1948 -- Palestine. A marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protect the US Consul General.[RL30172]
1948 -- Berlin. Berlin Airlift After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the US, British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the blockade was lifted in May 1949.[RL30172]
1948-49 -- China. Marines were dispatched to Nanking to protect the American Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to Shanghai to aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.[RL30172]
1950-53 -- Korean Conflict. The United States responded to North Korean invasion of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolutions. US forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the conflict. Over 36,600 US military were killed in action.[RL30172]
1950-55 -- Formosa (Taiwan). In June 1950 at the beginning of the Korean War, President Truman ordered the US Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist operations against mainland China.[RL30172]
1954-55 -- China. Naval units evacuated US civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands.[RL30172]
1955-64 -- Vietnam. First military advisors sent to Vietnam on 12 Feb 1955. By 1964, US troop levels had grown to 21,000. On 7 August 1964. On 7 August 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming "All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO) requesting assistance. . ."[Vietnam timeline]
1956 -- Egypt. A marine battalion evacuated US nationals and other persons from Alexandria during the Suez crisis.[RL30172]
1958 -- Lebanon. Lebanon crisis of 1958 Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of President Camille Chamoun to help protect against threatened insurrection supported from the outside. The President's action was supported by a Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that authorized such actions in that area of the world.[RL30172]
1959-60 -- The Caribbean. Second Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to protect US nationals following the Cuban revolution.[RL30172]
1962 -- Thailand. The Third Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17, 1962 to support that country during the threat of Communist pressure from outside; by July 30, the 5,000 marines had been withdrawn.[RL30172]
1962 -- Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22, President Kennedy instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned Soviet Union that the launching of any missile from Cuba against nations in the Western Hemisphere would bring about US nuclear retaliation on the Soviet Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days.[RL30172]
1962-75 -- Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the United States played an important role in military support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.[RL30172]
1964 -- Congo (Zaire). The United States sent four transport planes to provide airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.[RL30172]
1959-75 -- Vietnam War. US military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he termed were attacks on US destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf, President Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing US determination to support freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia. Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, expressing support for "all necessary measures" the President might take to repel armed attacks against US forces and prevent further aggression. Following this resolution, and following a Communist attack on a US installation in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 1969.[RL30172]
1965 -- Dominican Republic. Invasion of Dominican Republic The United States intervened to protect lives and property during a Dominican revolt and sent 20,000 US troops as fears grew that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under Communist control.[RL30172]
1967 -- Congo (Zaire). The United States sent three military transport aircraft with crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical support during a revolt.[RL30172]
1968 -- Laos & Cambodia. U.S. starts secret bombing campaign against targets along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the sovereign nations of Cambodia and Laos. The bombings last at least two years. (See Operation Commando Hunt)
1970 -- Cambodia. US troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North Vietnamese attacked US and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object of this attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the continuing safe withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam and to assist the program of Vietnamization.[RL30172]
1973 -- Operation Nickel Grass, a strategic airlift operation conducted by the United States to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel during the Yom Kippur War.
1974 -- Evacuation from Cyprus. United States naval forces evacuated US civilians during hostilities between Turkish and Greek Cypriot forces.[RL30172]

1975 -- Evacuation from Vietnam. On April 3, 1975, President Ford reported US naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been sent to assist in evacuation of refugees and US nationals from Vietnam.[RL30172]
1975 -- Evacuation from Cambodia. On April 12, 1975, President Ford reported that he had ordered US military forces to proceed with the planned evacuation of US citizens from Cambodia.[RL30172]
1975 -- South Vietnam. On April 30 1975, President Ford reported that a force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated about 1,400 US citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South Vietnamese from landing zones near the US Embassy in Saigon and the Tan Son Nhut Airfield.[RL30172]
1975 -- Cambodia. Mayagüez Incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford reported he had ordered military forces to retake the SS Mayaguez, a merchant vessel which was seized from Cambodian naval patrol boats in international waters and forced to proceed to a nearby island.[RL30172]
1976 -- Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1974, helicopters from five US naval vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.[RL30172]
1976 -- Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American soldiers were killed by North Korean soldiers in the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea while cutting down a tree.[RL30172]
1978 -- Zaire (Congo). From May 19 through June 1978, the United States utilized military transport aircraft to provide logistical support to Belgian and French rescue operations in Zaire.[RL30172]
1980 -- Iran. Operation Eagle Claw On April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of six US transport planes and eight helicopters in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue American hostages being held in Iran.[RL30172]
1981 -- El Salvador. After a guerrilla offensive against the government of El Salvador, additional US military advisers were sent to El Salvador, bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in training government forces in counterinsurgency.[RL30172]
1981 --Libya. First Gulf of Sidra Incident On August 19, 1981, US planes based on the carrier USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets over the Gulf of Sidra after one of the Libyan jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States periodically held freedom of navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as territorial waters but considered international waters by the United States.[RL30172]
1982 -- Sinai. On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment of military personnel and equipment to participate in the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai. Participation had been authorized by the Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, Public Law 97-132.[RL30172]
1982 -- Lebanon. Multinational Force in Lebanon On August 21, 1982, President Reagan reported the dispatch of 80 marines to serve in the multinational force to assist in the withdrawal of members of the Palestine Liberation force from Beirut. The Marines left September 20, 1982.[RL30172]
1982-1983 -- Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational force to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government sovereignty. On Sept. 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued participation for eighteen months.[RL30172]
1983 -- Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March 18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United States dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.[RL30172]
1983 -- Grenada. Citing the increased threat of Soviet and Cuban influence and noting the development of an international airport following a bloodless Grenada coup d'état and alignment with the Soviets and Cuba, the U.S. launches Operation Urgent Fury to invade the sovereign island nation of Grenada.[RL30172]
1983-89 -- Honduras. In July 1983 the United States undertook a series of exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict with Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed US military helicopters and crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel Nicaraguan troops.[RL30172]
1983 -- Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the deployment of two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad against Libyan and rebel forces.[RL30172]
1984 -- Persian Gulf. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter planes, aided by intelligence from a US AWACS electronic surveillance aircraft and fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian fighter planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a protected zone for shipping.[RL30172]
1985 -- Italy. On October 10, 1985, US Navy pilots intercepted an Egyptian airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who had killed an American citizen during the hijacking.[RL30172]
1986 -- Libya. Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986) On March 26, 1986, President Reagan reported on March 24 and 25, US forces, while engaged in freedom of navigation exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles.[RL30172]
1986 -- Libya. Operation El Dorado Canyon On April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air and naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on terrorist facilities and military installations in the Libyan capitol of Tripoli, claiming that Libyan leader Col. Muammar al-Gaddafi was responsible for a bomb attack at a German disco that killed two U.S. soldiers.[RL30172]
1986 -- Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in anti-drug operations.[RL30172]

1987-88 -- Persian Gulf. After the Iran-Iraq War resulted in several military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased US joint military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy of reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Gulf, called Operation Earnest Will. President Reagan reported that US ships had been fired upon or struck mines or taken other military action on September 21 (Iran Ajr), October 8, and October 19, 1987 and April 18 (Operation Praying Mantis), July 3, and July 14, 1988. The United States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire between Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.[RL30172] It was the largest naval convoy operation since World War II.[3]
1987-88 -- Operation Earnest Will was the U.S. military protection of Kuwaiti oil tankers from Iraqi and Iranian attacks in 1987 and 1988 during the Tanker War phase of the Iran-Iraq War. It was the largest naval convoy operation since World War II.
1987-88 -- Operation Prime Chance was a United States Special Operations Command operation intended to protect U.S. -flagged oil tankers from Iranian attack during the Iran-Iraq War. The operation took place roughly at the same time as Operation Earnest Will.
1988 -- Operation Praying Mantis was the April 18, 1988 action waged by U.S. naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian mining of the Persian Gulf and the subsequent damage to an American warship.
1988 -- Operation Golden Pheasant was an emergency deployment of U.S. troops to Honduras in 1988, as a result of threatening actions by the forces of the (then socialist) Nicaraguans.
1988 -- USS Vincennes shoot down of Iran Air Flight 655
1988 -- Panama. In mid-March and April 1988, during a period of instability in Panama and as the United States increased pressure on Panamanian head of state General Manuel Noriega to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops to Panama, to "further safeguard the canal, US lives, property and interests in the area." The forces supplemented 10,000 US military personnel already in the Panama Canal Zone.[RL30172]
1989 -- Libya. Second Gulf of Sidra Incident On January 4, 1989, two US Navy F-14 aircraft based on the USS John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The US pilots said the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile intentions.[RL30172]
1989 -- Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega's disregard of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to augment the estimated 11,000 U.S. forces already in the area.[RL30172]
1989 -- Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru. Andean Initiative in War on Drugs. On September 15, 1989, President Bush announced that military and law enforcement assistance would be sent to help the Andean nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug producers and traffickers. By mid-September there were 50-100 US military advisers in Colombia in connection with transport and training in the use of military equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2-12 persons to train troops in the three countries.[RL30172]
1989 -- Philippines. On December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that on December 1 US fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In addition, 100 marines were sent from the US Navy base at Subic Bay to protect the US Embassy in Manila.[RL30172]
1989-90 -- Panama. Operation Just Cause On December 21, 1989, President Bush reported that he had ordered US military forces to Panama to protect the lives of American citizens and bring General Noriega to justice. By February 13, 1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.[RL30172] Around 200 Panamanian civilians were reported killed. The Panamanian head of state, General Manuel Noriega, is captured and brought to the U.S.
1990 -- Liberia. On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a reinforced rifle company had been sent to provide additional security to the US Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated US citizens from Liberia.[RL30172]
1990 -- Saudi Arabia. On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that he had ordered the forward deployment of substantial elements of the US armed forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi Arabia after the August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16, 1990, he reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an adequate offensive military option.[RL30172]
1991 -- Iraq. Persian Gulf War On January 16 America attacked Iraqi forces and military targets in Iraq and Kuwait, in conjunction with a coalition of allies and UN Security Council resolutions. Combat operations ended on February 28, 1991.[RL30172] (See Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm)
1991 -- Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a limited introduction of US forces into northern Iraq for emergency relief purposes.[RL30172]
1991 -- Zaire. On September 25-27, 1991, after widespread looting and rioting broke out in Kinshasa, US Air Force C-141s transported 100 Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. US planes also carried 300 French troops into the Central African Republic and hauled evacuated American citizens.[RL30172]
1991-96 -- Operation Provide Comfort. Delivery of humanitarian relief and military protection for Kurds fleeing their homes in northern Iraq, by a small Allied ground force based in Turkey.
1992 -- Sierra Leone. On May 3, 1992, US military planes evacuated Americans from Sierra Leone, where military leaders had overthrown the government.[RL30172]
1992-1996 -- Operation Provide Promise was a humanitarian relief operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars, from July 2, 1992, to January 9, 1996, which made it the longest running humanitarian airlift in history.[4]

1992 -- Kuwait. On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a new border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate with UN inspection teams.[RL30172]
1992-2003 -- Iraq. Iraqi No-Fly Zones The U.S. together with the United Kingdom declares and enforces "no fly zones" over the majority of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights in zones in southern Iraq and northern Iraq, and conducting aerial reconnaissance and bombings. (See also Operation Southern Watch) [RL30172] 1992-95 -- Somalia. "Operation Restore Hope" Somali Civil War On December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had deployed US armed forces to Somalia in response to a humanitarian crisis and a UN Security Council Resolution. The operation came to an end on May 4, 1993. US forces continued to participate in the successor United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II). (See also Battle of Mogadishu)[RL30172]
1993-Present -- Bosnia-Herzegovina.
1993 -- Macedonia. On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the deployment of 350 US soldiers to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to participate in the UN Protection Force to help maintain stability in the area of former Yugoslavia.[RL30172]
1993-95 -- Haiti. Operation Uphold Democracy US ships had begun embargo against Haiti. Up to 20,000 US military troops were later deployed to Haiti.[RL30172]
1994 -- Macedonia. On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that the US contingent in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia had been increased by a reinforced company of 200 personnel.[RL30172]
1995 -- Bosnia. NATO bombing of Bosnian Serbs.[RL30172] (See Operation Deliberate Force)
1996 -- Liberia. On April 11, 1996, President Clinton reported that on April 9, 1996 due to the "deterioration of the security situation and the resulting threat to American citizens" in Liberia he had ordered US military forces to evacuate from that country "private US citizens and certain third-country nationals who had taken refuge in the US Embassy compound...."[RL30172]
1996 -- Central African Republic. On May 23, 1996, President Clinton reported the deployment of US military personnel to Bangui, Central African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that country of "private US citizens and certain U.S. Government employees," and to provide "enhanced security for the American Embassy in Bangui."[RL30172]
1997 -- Albania. On March 13, 1997, US military forces were used to evacuate certain U.S. Government employees and private US citizens from Tirana, Albania. (See also Operation Silver Wake)[RL30172]
1997 -- Congo and Gabon. On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuation force of US military personnel had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to provide enhanced security and to be available for any necessary evacuation operation.[RL30172]
1997 -- Sierra Leone. On May 29 and May 30, 1997, US military personnel were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake the evacuation of certain US government employees and private US citizens.[RL30172]
1997 -- Cambodia. On July 11, 1997, In an effort to ensure the security of American citizens in Cambodia during a period of domestic conflict there, a Task Force of about 550 US military personnel were deployed at Utapao Air Base in Thailand for possible evacuations. [RL30172]
1998 -- Iraq. US-led bombing campaign against Iraq.[RL30172] (See Operation Desert Fox)
1998 -- Guinea-Bissau. On June 10, 1998, in response to an army mutiny in Guinea-Bissau endangering the US Embassy, President Clinton deployed a standby evacuation force of US military personnel to Dakar, Senegal, to evacuate from the city of Bissau.[RL30172]
1998 - 1999 Kenya and Tanzania. US military personnel were deployed to Nairobi, Kenya, to coordinate the medical and disaster assistance related to the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. [RL30172]
1998 -- Afghanistan and Sudan. Operation Infinite Reach On August 20th, air strikes were used against two suspected terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical factory in Sudan.[RL30172]
1998 -- Liberia. On September 27, 1998 America deployed a stand-by response and evacuation force of 30 US military personnel to increase the security force at the US Embassy in Monrovia.[RL30172]
1999 - 2001 East Timor. East Timor Independence Limited number of US military forces deployed with UN to restore peace to East Timor.[RL30172]
1999 -- NATO's bombing of Serbia in the Kosovo Conflict.[RL30172] (See Operation Allied Force)
2000 -- Sierra Leone. On May 12, 2000 a US Navy patrol craft deployed to Sierra Leone to support evacuation operations from that country if needed.[RL30172]
2000 -- Yemen. On October 12, 2000, after the USS Cole attack in the port of Aden, Yemen, military personnel were deployed to Aden.[RL30172]
2000 -- East Timor. On February 25, 2000, a small number of U.S. military personnel were deployed to support of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). [RL30172]
2001 -- Afghanistan. US invasion of Afghanistan. The War on Terrorism begins with Operation Enduring Freedom. On October 7, 2001, US Armed Forces "began combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaida terrorists and their Taliban supporters."[RL30172]
2002 -- Yemen. On November 3, 2002, an American MQ-1 Predator fired a Hellfire missile at a car in Yemen killing Qaed Senyan al-Harthi, an al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing.[RL30172]

Part 12...Tired or reading yet? You wanted them all right!

2002 -- Philippines. January 2002 U.S. "combat-equipped and combat support forces" have been deployed to the Philippines to train with, assist and advise the Philippines' Armed Forces in enhancing their "counterterrorist capabilities."[RL30172]
2002 -- Cote d'Ivoire. On September 25, 2002, in response to a rebellion in Cote d'Ivoire, US military personnel went into Cote d'Ivoire to assist in the evacuation of American citizens from Bouake.[5] [RL30172]
2003 -- 2003 invasion of Iraq Second Persian Gulf War. March 20, 2003. The United States leads a coalition that includes Britain, Australia and Spain to invade Iraq with the stated goal of eliminating Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.[RL30172]
2003 -- Liberia. Second Liberian Civil War On June 9, 2003, President Bush reported that on June 8 he had sent about 35 combat-equipped US military personnel into Monrovia, Liberia, to help secure the US Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, and to aid in any necessary evacuation from either Liberia or Mauritania.[RL30172]
2003 -- Georgia and Djibouti "US combat equipped and support forces" had been deployed to Georgia and Djibouti to help in enhancing their "counterterrorist capabilities."[6]
2004 -- 2004 Haïti rebellion occurs. The US sent first sent 55 combat equipped military personnel to augment the US Embassy security forces there and to protect American citizens and property in light. Later 200 additional US combat-equipped, military personnel were sent to prepare the way for a UN Multinational Interim Force.[RL30172]
2004 -- War on Terrorism: US anti-terror related activities were underway in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea.[7]
2006 -- Pakistan. 17 people including known Al Qaeda bomb maker and chemical weapons expert Midhat Mursi, were killed in an American MQ-1 Predator airstrike on Damadola (Pakistan), near the Afghan border.[8][9]
2006 -- Lebanon. US Marine Detachment, the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit[citation needed], begins evacuation of US citizens willing to the leave the country in the face of a likely ground invasion by Israel and continued fighting between Hezbollah and the Israeli military.[10][11]
2007 -- Somalia. Battle of Ras Kamboni. On January 8, 2007, while the conflict between the Islamic Courts Union and the Transitional Federal Government continues, an AC-130 gunship conducts an aerial strike on a suspected Al-Qaeda operative, along with other Islamist fighters, on Badmadow Island near Ras Kamboni in southern Somalia.[citation needed]
2008 -- South Ossetia, Georgia. Helped Georgia humanitarian aid[12], helped to transport Georgian forces from Iraq during the conflict. In the past, the US has provided training and weapons to Georgia.


-- Modified on 10/7/2008 1:05:25 PM

I asked for an enumeration of Presidents when the wars that you cited (just the ones you first cited) BEGAN.

If it's worthy to note who was in office when they ended, it's even more imprtant to know who was there when they started.

Who can END this war with in the up coming election NOT who can START a new one!

When we are next in NEED of starting a war I will be sure to make a list of who started the most popular wars.

We are far beyong PREVENTING this war...we ARE in dire need of someone who can end this one.

Why is it important to you to know who started tha past wars when choosing the next president?  There is a possibility of a civil unrest here in this country if the next president can not fix the economic situation.  I say unrest but it certainly may be more than that.

In the great depression neighbors helped neighbors survive the depression, I do not see that happening in todays social moralities.  Looking at what happened in New Orleans after Katrina hit, people stealing everything instead of helping thier neighbors.  Imagine what will happen with an economic collapse that is imminent and just around the corner.  The bailout(rescue) is only prolonging the inevitable.  Employee cutbacks are scheduled to outnumber new jobs 4 to 1 in the next 12-18 months.  Banks system is broken with no end in sight...400+ pages of crap that will do nothing to change what has already crippled 2/3 of all banking and finance companies.  Insurance companies stock piling monies and the filing bankrupcy and asking for Fed help to pocket from large profit taking.  The auto industries loosing ground to foriegn vehicles monthly.   Housing, food, Ins prices so high that the elderly can not survive on thier fixed incomes.  You keep pondering who started this Iraq War(debatable as to only WHICH Bush) and I will look forward to whom can end it!   Then have a person that can look beyond this futile attempt in Iraq to fixing the issues right here at home.

I am trying to sort through all the mud slinging to see IF at all possible which of these Candidates can find the money to shore up our economy.

There is not enough money in the middle class to even make a dent.(maybe 5% of the solution)

The lower class is very close to becoming entirely dependant on the system(which is broke by the way){10-15% increase on demand, with the eldery all falling into this catagory very soon}

The upper class is willing to make consessions, but the politicians are not willing to make it happen. (10-15% of the solution)

Controlled profit taking by insurance, banking, oil, and utilities. (15-20% of the solution)

Surrender of cash stock piles in insurance industry(40-50% of the solution)

Balnace out import export taxation laws to create more jobs in the intited staes and ruduce imports from other countries. (15-20% of the solution)

Uphold balance sheets on monies owed the US from foriegn countries to either return cash monies to the US or reduce monies owed to those same foriegn contries.  Forgiving debts and writing bonds owed is killing this country! (5-10% of the solution)

You should have announced the real subject of your essay sooner. Who knew?

You said, “Who can END this war with in the up coming election NOT who can START a new one!”

To which war do you refer? Iraq? Afghanistan? Global War on radical Islamic Fascists? Where do you get the idea that anyone is talking about starting a new war. Thinking about how wars got started is not cheerleading for war.

You said, “Why is it important to you to know who started tha past wars when choosing the next president?”

You later stated, “You keep pondering who started this Iraq War”

You are clearly assigning this statement to me, but I have never stated any such thing.

You have missed my point. I apologize for not making it clearer. You were focused on the endings of the wars (but no one knew why). I contend that leadership qualities are far more important when it comes to the lead up to potential wars.

Look at who was in office at the start of the ‘big’ wars

Civil War Lincoln (R)
WWI – Wilson (D)
WWI – Roosevelt (D)
Korea – Truman (D)
Cold War – Truman (D)
Vietnam – Kennedy (D)

I’m not a big fan of over simplifying the politics of the lead up to wars, but you started it so I was simply following suit.

Study what things in hindsight could each President have done differently that would have (or might have) PREVENTED each war.

BTW, are you proposing nationalizing the insurance companies (or something similar) in order to get them to ‘surrender” their money?

Presidents are actually rather powerless to ‘fix’ economies.