Universal Declaration of Human Rights



(Adopted by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 217A (III)

of December 10, 1948)



Whereas recognition  of the inherent dignity and of the equal and

inalienable rights  of all  members of  the human  family is  the

foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,



Whereas disregard  and contempt for human rights have resulted in

barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and

the advent  of a  world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom

of speech  and belief  and freedom  from fear  and want  has been

proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,



Whereas it  is essential,  if man  is not to be compelled to have

recourse, as  a last  resort, to  rebellion against  tyranny  and

oppression, that  human rights should be protected by the rule of

law,



Whereas it  is essential  to promote  the development of friendly

relations between nations,



Whereas the  peoples of  the United  Nations have  in the Charter

reaffirmed their  faith  in  fundamental  human  rights,  in  the

dignity and  worth of the human person and in the equal rights of

men and  women and have determined to promote social progress and

better standards of life in larger freedom,



Whereas Member  States have  pledged themselves  to  achieve,  in

cooperation with  the United  Nations, the promotion of universal

respect for  and  observance  of  human  rights  and  fundamental

freedoms,



Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of

the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,



Now, therefore,



The General Assembly



Proclaims this  Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common

standard of  achievement for  all peoples and all nations, to the

end that  every individual  and every  organ of  society, keeping

this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and

education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by

progressive measures, national and international, to secure their

universal and  effective recognition  and observance,  both among

the peoples  of Member States themselves and among the peoples of

territories under their jurisdiction.





                           Article 1



All human  beings are  born free and equal in dignity and rights.

They are  endowed with  reason  and  conscience  and  should  act

towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.





            Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

                         Page 1 of 6


                           Article 2



Everyone is  entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in

this Declaration,  without distinction of any kind, such as race,

color, sex,  language,  religion,  political  or  other  opinion,

national or  social origin,  property,  birth  or  other  status.

Furthermore, no  distinction shall  be made  on the  basis of the

political, jurisdictional  or international status of the country

or  territory   to  which   a  person   belongs,  whether  it  be

independent,  trust,   non-self-governing  or   under  any  other

limitation of sovereignty.





                           Article 3



Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.





                           Article 4



No one  shall be  held in  slavery or  servitude; slavery and the

slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.





                           Article 5



No one  shall be  subjected to  torture or  to cruel,  inhuman or

degrading treatment or punishment.





                           Article 6



Everyone has  the right  to recognition  everywhere as  a  person

before the law.





                           Article 7



All are  equal before  the  law  and  are  entitled  without  any

discrimination to  equal protection of the law.  All are entitled

to equal  protection against  any discrimination  in violation of

the   Declaration    and   against   any   incitement   to   such

discrimination.





                           Article 8



Everyone has  the right  to an  effective remedy by the competent

national tribunals  for acts  violating  the  fundamental  rights

granted him by the constitution or by law.





                           Article 9



No one  shall be  subjected to  arbitrary  arrest,  detention  or

exile.





            Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

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                          Article 10



Everyone is  entitled in  full equality  to  a  fair  and  public

hearing  by   an  independent  and  impartial  tribunal,  in  the

determination of  his rights  and obligations and of any criminal

charge against him.





                          Article 11



1.   Everyone charged  with a  penal offence  has the right to be

presumed innocent  until proved  guilty according  to  law  in  a

public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for

his defence.



2.   No one  shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account

of any  act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence,

under  national   or  international  law,  at  the  time  it  was

committed.   Nor shall  a heavier penalty be imposed than the one

that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.



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